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Environmental and Engineering Geoscience

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Stress-strain Measurements of Deforming Aquifer Systems That Underlie Shanghai, China

¹ Department of Earth Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
² Shanghai Institute of Geological Survey, Shanghai, China

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Location map and administrative divisions of Shanghai, and the locations of extensometer groups

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. A conceptual hydrogeologic model of Shanghai

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. The annual amount of groundwater pumped and recharged in Shanghai from 1961 to 2000

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4. The developing history of land subsidence in Shanghai. (a) Average cumulative subsidence of Shanghai. (b) Cumulative subsidence at Labor Park, Shanghai

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 5. The annual net amount of groundwater pumped from individual aquifers from 1961 to 2000

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 6. Variation of groundwater level with time. (a) Confined aquifer one, two, and four. (b) Confined aquifer three and five

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 7. Land subsidence and compaction of individual strata at extensometer group four

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 8. (a) Compaction variation of soft clay layers one and two and groundwater level change in confined aquifer one. (b) The relation of compaction strain and effective stress change from January 1981 to December 2002

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 9. (a) Compaction variation of soft clay three and groundwater level change in confined aquifer two. (b) Effective stress change versus strain of soft clay three from January 1981 to December 2002

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 10. (a) Compaction variation of sand layer three and four and groundwater level change in confined aquifer three. (b) Effective stress change versus strain of sand layers three and four from January 1981 to December 2002

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 11. (a) Compaction variation of sand layer five and groundwater level change in confined aquifer four. (b) Effective stress change versus strain of sand layer five from January 1981 to December 2002

View larger version (7K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 12. Creep curves of Shanghai clay and sand